
Many tea enthusiasts have discovered the delightful taste of China’s most famous oolong tea – Tieguanyin. This semi-ball rolled style tea is made in 27 tea villages located in the vicinity of Anxi in southern Fujian Province, and is manufactured in both modern and traditional oxidation styles. Some of it is roasted, perfect for aging, and some is not, perfect for drinking now. This region has steep mountains and deeply-cut valleys and terraced tea gardens as far as the eye can see. It is serious oolong tea country.
But how many of you know that this tea is named for a Chinese god – Kuan Yin – and a god with a very interesting past, to boot ?
Last year I was fortunate to be able to sit in on a class on Buddhist Thought at Smith College led by the Buddhist scholar, Peter Gregory. The topic at hand for the semister was thus: why was the male Indian Buddhist bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara transformed ( ‘domesticated’ ) by Chinese Buddhists into the female deity Kuan Yin, the Goddess of Mercy ?
In an attempt to come to an understanding of ‘how’ and ‘why’ this gender re-imagining occured, we studied Buddhist canonical sources and imagery to discover how these texts and depictions interacted with Chinese ‘beliefs’ and popular notions of gender, family, filial piety, and cosmic resonance.
For within the rich mass of thought and governance that has shaped China’s culture, social order and philosophical and religious views must lie the reason behind why this deity entered China as a young man, then changed into a gender-less guardian of the human race, then a devote Chinese princess ( Miaoshan ) and lastly, a compassionate Mother.
Additionally, adding to the mystery and ’strangeness’ of the concept of a male deity transforming into a female deity in China is the long history of gender issues in Confuscian China and the dominance of males in traditional Buddhist heirarchy, dogma and practice.
But, this is not Hollywood. As is often the case with issues of religion, there is no one concrete answer to this question. Many thoughts come together on this topic. Some scholars make a believable case for the idea that devout Chinese women needed a powerful god ( not just a lesser god or local, village gods ) that they could appeal to for assistance and compassion in times of need, and that this played a significant role in the transformation.
Having a female god on the ’bodhisattva level’ added validity and solace to women in Chinese society at that time, and created an inclusive community that allowed women from all communities to feel connected. While the cult of Kuan Yin continues today with both male and female followers, it is middle-aged women who most visably worship Kuan Yin and make the annual pilgrimages t0 pay respect and offer incense.
So, for those of you looking for a toothsome topic ( and a great exercise to get the little grey cells moving ) to delve into over the fall and winter months, I highly recommend a trip to your local library for some literature on this topic. In class we read three books: Kuan-Yin: the Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteśvara by Chun-Fang Yu; Personal Salvation and Filial Piety by Wilt L. Idema, and The Legend of Miaoshan by Glen Dudbridge, plus many papers and articles exerpted from scholarly journals.
But, back to Tieguanyin, the tea. Legend has it that the Qing emperor Kangxi ( r. 1661-1722 ) prayed to the goddess Kuan Yin for the return of his health during a bout with smallpox. She answered his prayers and later appeard to him in a dream. In the dream she brought him to a place where the farmers were very poor but where a few tea bushes grew on a mountainside. To repay her kindness, she asked him to help the people of this region cultivate these tea bushes and prosper from it in her name.
Kuan Yin then showed the emperor that the leaves of these tea bushes bore a marked impression. He plucked one from the bush, after which the leaf bore the impressions of both of their thumbs. These two tiny marks have always distinguished the leaves of true Tieguanyin bush varietals. Emperor Kangxi proclaimed Tieguanyin famous for all eternity in China, and from that time the Tieguanyin tea industry has thrived. The Qing emperor Qianlong ( r. 1736-1795 ) selected Tieguanyin to be one of his Tribute teas. *
* from The Story of Tea, Ten Speed Press, 2007
To view our selection of Tieguanyin oolong tea, click here: http://tiny.cc/t7LhL. New Tieguanyin will be arriving soon.